Reforming India’s Higher Defence Organisation For Modern Warfare

India’s Higher Defence Organisation (HDO) reforms, particularly since 2019 with the establishment of the Department of Military Affairs (DMA) and the post of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), represent a significant structural change aimed at fostering jointness, integrated theatre commands, and military modernisation.However, these reforms have faced criticism for failing to deliver strategic
India’s Higher Defence Organisation (HDO) reforms, particularly since 2019 with the establishment of the Department of Military Affairs (DMA) and the post of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), represent a significant structural change aimed at fostering jointness, integrated theatre commands, and military modernisation.However, these reforms have faced criticism for failing to deliver strategic
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