Rafale, Gripen or F-16: What’s the Future of Peru’s Combat Air Fleet?
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On December 10, 2023, the Peruvian Congress approved an ambitious budget for 2025 aimed at enhancing the operational capacity of its Air Force (FAP). A project to acquire 24 fighter jets was approved, marking a turning point since the purchase of Mirage 2000 aircraft in the 1980s. The initial $2 billion, financed through long-term debt via Banco de la Nación, represents the first phase of a total investment estimated at $3.5 billion. This budget includes the fighters, a range of weaponry, spare parts, and support services. Among the candidates are Dassault Aviation (Rafale), Lockheed Martin (F-16 Block 70), and Saab (Gripen E/F).
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Peruvian government approves project to acquire 24 fighter jets, replacing aging Mirage 2000 aircraft. (Picture source: Wikimedia)
As part of replacing its aging Mirage 2000 fleet, Peru is evaluating three major options to modernize its Air Force (FAP), each offering specific advantages tailored to its strategic needs. Dassault Aviation is offering the Rafale, a cutting-edge multirole fighter capable of diverse missions, including air defense, ground strikes, and reconnaissance. Familiar with Dassault standards due to the Mirage 2000, Peru could benefit from a smoother transition to this advanced platform. The Rafale features a next-generation AESA radar, modern missiles like the Meteor, and optimized stealth capabilities. Although the Rafale is the most expensive option, it provides full interoperability with Western forces and a robust technical support program.
Lockheed Martin proposes the F-16 Block 70, a modernized version of the world’s most deployed fighter jet. Known for its reliability and competitive acquisition cost, the F-16 offers a balanced solution. Equipped with an AESA radar and an upgraded cockpit, it combines proven performance with compatibility with Western combat doctrines. Additionally, the extensive global fleet of F-16s ensures easy access to spare parts and technical expertise, making it an attractive option for Peru.
Finally, Saab offers the Gripen E/F, a lightweight fighter with minimal operating costs, designed for countries with limited budgets. The Gripen stands out for its ability to operate in austere environments, simplified maintenance, and significant technology transfer programs. Saab proposes integrating Peru into its production process, thereby enhancing local industrial capabilities. Equipped with an AESA radar and modern electronic warfare systems, the Gripen offers a compelling balance between cost and performance.
Peru has a long history of acquiring combat aircraft, influenced by its geopolitical and economic environment. The last major purchase was in the 1980s, when the country became the first export customer of the Mirage 2000, a multirole fighter developed by Dassault Aviation. This acquisition, aimed at modernizing the Peruvian Air Force (FAP) amid regional tensions, cemented Dassault’s reputation as a key supplier to Peru. Since then, the Mirage 2000 has remained the backbone of Peru’s air capabilities, but these aircraft are now approaching the end of their operational lifespan.
For reference, Peru acquired 12 Mirage 2000s in the 1980s, divided into 10 Mirage 2000P versions for combat missions and 2 Mirage 2000DP versions for training. These aircraft remain a central element of the Peruvian Air Force, though their growing obsolescence necessitates modernization or replacement.
Additionally, Peru is seeking to replace its aging Soviet-origin aircraft with more modern South Korean models. This initiative aims to enhance the operational capabilities of the Peruvian Air Force (FAP) while diversifying its sources of military procurement. Among the options considered is the KF-21 Boramae, a next-generation fighter developed by Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI). This choice is driven by the KF-21’s advanced performance and the technology transfer opportunities offered by South Korea, a partnership that could foster local production and strengthen Peru’s industrial capabilities.
Peru is also exploring the KF-1 Halcón, another aircraft developed by KAI. This lightweight fighter was designed to meet the needs of emerging nations, combining competitive performance with reduced acquisition and operational costs. The KF-1 could complement or replace the MiG-29s currently in service, providing a more budget-friendly solution for the FAP. Seman Perú SAC, a local company, is already preparing to produce parts for this model, demonstrating South Korea’s commitment to integrating Peru’s industry into its defense projects. In the long term, the KF-1 could play a key role in Peru’s fleet modernization strategy, coexisting with a frontline fighter like the KF-21 Boramae.
Historically, the FAP has operated aircraft such as 21 MiG-29s and 18 Sukhoi Su-25s, acquired in the 1990s. While effective in their time, these aircraft now face increasing challenges in maintenance and parts availability. Replacing them with South Korean jets represents a strategic advance, enabling Peru to reduce dependence on Russian military equipment and strengthen national defense against contemporary threats.
Furthermore, Peru-South Korea military cooperation is not new. In 2010, South Korea boosted the FAP’s capabilities by donating eight Cessna A-37B Dragonfly light attack aircraft. These historical ties provide a solid foundation for future agreements, including potential acquisitions of the KF-21 and KF-1 Halcón. These projects are part of a broader strategy to modernize Peru’s defense forces while promoting international technological partnerships and local development.
In recent years, Peru has intensified its efforts to modernize its land and naval capabilities, adopting a clear strategy to enhance national defense and diversify international partnerships. In November 2024, the Peruvian Army signed a major agreement with Hyundai Rotem to acquire K2 Black Panther tanks and K808 armored vehicles, replacing decades-old T-55 tanks. While the exact cost of the deal was not disclosed, it includes technology transfer and the possibility of local production, thereby boosting the national defense industry. These new assets will improve the mobility, protection, and firepower of Peru’s ground forces, addressing urgent modernization needs.
The Peruvian Navy has also undertaken ambitious initiatives to strengthen its capabilities. In November 2024, an agreement was signed with Hyundai Heavy Industries for the design and construction of a new submarine to modernize its underwater fleet. This strategic project aims to enhance maritime deterrence and power projection, essential for securing the country’s territorial waters and maritime resources. Concurrently, significant investments are being made in naval infrastructure: $2.67 million has been allocated to modernize the SIMA Callao shipyard, while $3.85 million will be invested to enhance the operational capabilities of the Callao Naval Air Base.
For 2025, the Peruvian Ministry of Defense’s budget was set at 8,893.1 million soles (approximately $2.371 billion), a 2.8% increase from the previous year. These investments reflect an ambitious modernization strategy aimed at equipping Peru with armed forces prepared to address contemporary security challenges. In 2024, Peru’s gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated at approximately $250 billion, underscoring the significance of these projects as a national priority.
Through these initiatives, Peru is progressively strengthening its military capabilities on land and sea while establishing strategic international partnerships. These projects combine technological modernization with local industrial development, highlighting a clear intent to bolster the country’s armed forces in response to current security challenges.
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On December 10, 2023, the Peruvian Congress approved an ambitious budget for 2025 aimed at enhancing the operational capacity of its Air Force (FAP). A project to acquire 24 fighter jets was approved, marking a turning point since the purchase of Mirage 2000 aircraft in the 1980s. The initial $2 billion, financed through long-term debt via Banco de la Nación, represents the first phase of a total investment estimated at $3.5 billion. This budget includes the fighters, a range of weaponry, spare parts, and support services. Among the candidates are Dassault Aviation (Rafale), Lockheed Martin (F-16 Block 70), and Saab (Gripen E/F).
Peruvian government approves project to acquire 24 fighter jets, replacing aging Mirage 2000 aircraft. (Picture source: Wikimedia)
As part of replacing its aging Mirage 2000 fleet, Peru is evaluating three major options to modernize its Air Force (FAP), each offering specific advantages tailored to its strategic needs. Dassault Aviation is offering the Rafale, a cutting-edge multirole fighter capable of diverse missions, including air defense, ground strikes, and reconnaissance. Familiar with Dassault standards due to the Mirage 2000, Peru could benefit from a smoother transition to this advanced platform. The Rafale features a next-generation AESA radar, modern missiles like the Meteor, and optimized stealth capabilities. Although the Rafale is the most expensive option, it provides full interoperability with Western forces and a robust technical support program.
Lockheed Martin proposes the F-16 Block 70, a modernized version of the world’s most deployed fighter jet. Known for its reliability and competitive acquisition cost, the F-16 offers a balanced solution. Equipped with an AESA radar and an upgraded cockpit, it combines proven performance with compatibility with Western combat doctrines. Additionally, the extensive global fleet of F-16s ensures easy access to spare parts and technical expertise, making it an attractive option for Peru.
Finally, Saab offers the Gripen E/F, a lightweight fighter with minimal operating costs, designed for countries with limited budgets. The Gripen stands out for its ability to operate in austere environments, simplified maintenance, and significant technology transfer programs. Saab proposes integrating Peru into its production process, thereby enhancing local industrial capabilities. Equipped with an AESA radar and modern electronic warfare systems, the Gripen offers a compelling balance between cost and performance.
Peru has a long history of acquiring combat aircraft, influenced by its geopolitical and economic environment. The last major purchase was in the 1980s, when the country became the first export customer of the Mirage 2000, a multirole fighter developed by Dassault Aviation. This acquisition, aimed at modernizing the Peruvian Air Force (FAP) amid regional tensions, cemented Dassault’s reputation as a key supplier to Peru. Since then, the Mirage 2000 has remained the backbone of Peru’s air capabilities, but these aircraft are now approaching the end of their operational lifespan.
For reference, Peru acquired 12 Mirage 2000s in the 1980s, divided into 10 Mirage 2000P versions for combat missions and 2 Mirage 2000DP versions for training. These aircraft remain a central element of the Peruvian Air Force, though their growing obsolescence necessitates modernization or replacement.
Additionally, Peru is seeking to replace its aging Soviet-origin aircraft with more modern South Korean models. This initiative aims to enhance the operational capabilities of the Peruvian Air Force (FAP) while diversifying its sources of military procurement. Among the options considered is the KF-21 Boramae, a next-generation fighter developed by Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI). This choice is driven by the KF-21’s advanced performance and the technology transfer opportunities offered by South Korea, a partnership that could foster local production and strengthen Peru’s industrial capabilities.
Peru is also exploring the KF-1 Halcón, another aircraft developed by KAI. This lightweight fighter was designed to meet the needs of emerging nations, combining competitive performance with reduced acquisition and operational costs. The KF-1 could complement or replace the MiG-29s currently in service, providing a more budget-friendly solution for the FAP. Seman Perú SAC, a local company, is already preparing to produce parts for this model, demonstrating South Korea’s commitment to integrating Peru’s industry into its defense projects. In the long term, the KF-1 could play a key role in Peru’s fleet modernization strategy, coexisting with a frontline fighter like the KF-21 Boramae.
Historically, the FAP has operated aircraft such as 21 MiG-29s and 18 Sukhoi Su-25s, acquired in the 1990s. While effective in their time, these aircraft now face increasing challenges in maintenance and parts availability. Replacing them with South Korean jets represents a strategic advance, enabling Peru to reduce dependence on Russian military equipment and strengthen national defense against contemporary threats.
Furthermore, Peru-South Korea military cooperation is not new. In 2010, South Korea boosted the FAP’s capabilities by donating eight Cessna A-37B Dragonfly light attack aircraft. These historical ties provide a solid foundation for future agreements, including potential acquisitions of the KF-21 and KF-1 Halcón. These projects are part of a broader strategy to modernize Peru’s defense forces while promoting international technological partnerships and local development.
In recent years, Peru has intensified its efforts to modernize its land and naval capabilities, adopting a clear strategy to enhance national defense and diversify international partnerships. In November 2024, the Peruvian Army signed a major agreement with Hyundai Rotem to acquire K2 Black Panther tanks and K808 armored vehicles, replacing decades-old T-55 tanks. While the exact cost of the deal was not disclosed, it includes technology transfer and the possibility of local production, thereby boosting the national defense industry. These new assets will improve the mobility, protection, and firepower of Peru’s ground forces, addressing urgent modernization needs.
The Peruvian Navy has also undertaken ambitious initiatives to strengthen its capabilities. In November 2024, an agreement was signed with Hyundai Heavy Industries for the design and construction of a new submarine to modernize its underwater fleet. This strategic project aims to enhance maritime deterrence and power projection, essential for securing the country’s territorial waters and maritime resources. Concurrently, significant investments are being made in naval infrastructure: $2.67 million has been allocated to modernize the SIMA Callao shipyard, while $3.85 million will be invested to enhance the operational capabilities of the Callao Naval Air Base.
For 2025, the Peruvian Ministry of Defense’s budget was set at 8,893.1 million soles (approximately $2.371 billion), a 2.8% increase from the previous year. These investments reflect an ambitious modernization strategy aimed at equipping Peru with armed forces prepared to address contemporary security challenges. In 2024, Peru’s gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated at approximately $250 billion, underscoring the significance of these projects as a national priority.
Through these initiatives, Peru is progressively strengthening its military capabilities on land and sea while establishing strategic international partnerships. These projects combine technological modernization with local industrial development, highlighting a clear intent to bolster the country’s armed forces in response to current security challenges.
