Extended Underwater Reach For India’s Kalvari-Class Submarines

The Indian Navy is set to convert its six French-designed Kalvari-class (Scorpène) diesel- attack submarines into far stealthier platforms by grafting in an indigenous fuel-cell–based Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) “plug.”The ₹1,990-crore contract signed in December 2024 between the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd (MDL) covers construction of the hull section that
The Indian Navy is set to convert its six French-designed Kalvari-class (Scorpène) diesel- attack submarines into far stealthier platforms by grafting in an indigenous fuel-cell–based Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) “plug.”The ₹1,990-crore contract signed in December 2024 between the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd (MDL) covers construction of the hull section that
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