India’s Thorium Path: Fast Breeder Breakthrough Spurs Nuclear Independence Drive

India’s nuclear journey began with Dr Homi Bhabha’s ambitious three-stage program in the 1950s, designed to move from natural uranium in pressurised heavy water reactors, to plutonium in fast breeder reactors, and finally to thorium-based reactors.The ultimate goal was a self-sustaining thorium–uranium fuel cycle that would secure energy independence and reduce crude oil imports. For decades,
India’s nuclear journey began with Dr Homi Bhabha’s ambitious three-stage program in the 1950s, designed to move from natural uranium in pressurised heavy water reactors, to plutonium in fast breeder reactors, and finally to thorium-based reactors.The ultimate goal was a self-sustaining thorium–uranium fuel cycle that would secure energy independence and reduce crude oil imports. For decades,
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